Questions

=**Types of Engine** = =**How Brakes Work** = =**How Tyres Work** = =**@Stopping a Moving Vehicle** = =**Racing Car Physics ﻿** = =**﻿**= = = =**1. Types of Engine ** = **﻿** **Basic Engine Parts** View the web page on [|Basic Engine Parts]

**//﻿//**
//spark plug// //valves// //piston// //piston rings// //connecting rod// //crank shaft// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//sump//

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">**The Internal Combustion Engine.**
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">View the web page on the [|Internal Combustion Engine]

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">**Answer the following Questions:**

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//Explain the principle of any Internal Combustion Engine?// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//How is this principle used in the core of a car engine?// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//What is the four-stroke combustion cycle?// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//What are the names given to the 4 strokes?// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//What happens diring the Intake stroke?// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//What effect does Compression have?// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//What is the job of the Spark Plug?// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//what happens when the gasoline in exploded?//

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">**How Two Stroke Engines Work** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">View the web pages on [|How Two Stroke Engines work] [|Two- Stroke Basics][|The Two-Stroke Cycle]

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">**Answer the following Questions.** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">**﻿** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//Name some devices that might have 2 stroke motors.// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//What are some of the advantages of 2 stroke motors?// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//What are some disadvantages of 2 stroke motors?// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//What names are given to the two strokes?// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">**Comparisons of Four-Stroke and Two-Stroke Motors.** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">**﻿** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//1. Explain the differences between a two stroke and a four stroke engine in terms of Fuel Consumption, Manufacturing Costs, and Environmental Impact.//

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//2. What are the 4 reasons we do not use two stroke engines in our cars and trucks ?//

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//3. What does the Term 1500 cc mean?//

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//4. Summarise the steps or strokes in a complete cycle of the following engines ://

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//Two stroke://

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//Four Stroke://

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">//﻿// //﻿//

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">[]
=<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//Write the labels for this diagram// = <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">**a** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">**b** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">**c** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">**d** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">**e** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">**f** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">**g**
 * [[image:cvxvehiclescience/disc3a.jpg align="center" caption="Label this diagram"]] ||
 * **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Label this diagram ** ||

//What is the function of the caliper?//
//﻿//

//Where do the brake pads squeeze?//
//﻿//

//What slows the disc down?//
//﻿//

//Why are brakes vented?//
//﻿//

//Write the labels for this diagram.//
**a** **b** **c** **d** **e** **f** **g**

//**What is meant by the drum?**//
//**﻿**//

//**Where do cars usually have drum brakes? disc brakes?**//
//**﻿**//

//**Compare the cost and ease of fitting Drum brakes with Disc brakes .**//
//**﻿**// //**﻿**//

=3. How Tyres Work =

= = = = =Label this diagram= = = =**a**= =b= =**c**= =**d**= =**e**= =**f**= =**g**= =**h**=

= = **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">2. What do all the numbers on the side of a tyre tell you about the tyre? **

=<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">3. Why is it important to have your tyres at the correct pressure? = = = =<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">4. Label the diagram below indicating tyre inflation. =
 * [[image:tyre2.jpg align="center"]] ||
 * [[image:tyre3.jpg width="435" height="81" align="center"]] ||

=<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">4. Stopping a Moving Vehicle = <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">The process of stopping a moving motor vehicle can be broken into three phases: recognition, reaction and braking. During each of these phases, the motor vehicle will travel a certain distance. The sum of these individual distances is known as the //stopping distance.// It is the stopping distance that determines whether the vehicle will be able to stop safely or not. = = =<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Recognition and reaction = <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">In order to stop safely, first the driver needs to recognise that there is a reason to stop. This might happen if the driver sees any of the following: a traffic light changing to red, a stop sign, a pedestrian stepping onto the road or an oncoming car swerving into the wrong lane. The time that it takes a driver to recognise the need to stop will depend on a number of factors. These include: the driver’s level of alertness or distraction, fatigue, visibility, blood alcohol concentration, and driving experience.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">**Recognition time** is difficult to measure by itself, so it is often combined with reaction time (which is the time between when a driver recognises a hazard and when the driver reacts to the hazard by braking or swerving) and given as a **//recognition/reaction time//.** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> A moving vehicle will travel a certain distance during the recognition/reaction time. This distance is known as the **//reaction distance//** (‘recognition’ is dropped for convenience). **Reaction distance is directly proportional to the speed of the vehicle**; that is, the faster the vehicle is going, the longer the reaction distance. If a hazard is closer than the reaction distance, it cannot be avoided. Fortunately, there are few hazards that appear suddenly at such short distances. In Australia, one example is the case of a kangaroo hopping out onto a highway. e Units on pa59. See Velocity on page 570. = = =<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Braking = <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Braking occurs between the instant when the brakes are applied and the moment when the vehicle comes to a complete stop. The distance the vehicle travels in this time—the //braking distance//—depends on the initial speed, the condition of the road (including surface water or ice), the condition and tread-pattern of the tyres, the amount of pressure applied to the brakes by the driver and the use of brake assistance technology like an anti-locking brake system (ABS) = = =<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Performance Test Calculations = =<span style="color: #365f91; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Questions = <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">// 1. //// What is meant by reaction distance? // <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">// 2. //// From the laws of physics we know that Velocity = distance / time. Re-arrange this equation to show how you could work out time if you know velocity and distance // // T = // <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">// 3. //// What is the reaction distance of a car travelling at 11.1 m/s? // <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">// 4. //// Work out the reaction time? // <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">// 5. //// What factors affect braking distance? // <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">// 6. //// Draw a scatter graph of braking distance versus speed for a car under wet conditions. //  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">// 7. //// What is the shape of this graph? // <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">// 8. //// Use this graph to interpolate the braking distance for a car driving at 70 km/h? // <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">// 9. //// Examine the data and write a sentence to **compare** braking distance in DRY weather with WET weather. // <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">// 10. //// What is meant by stopping distance? How is it calculated? // <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">// 11. //// If the driver had a faster Reaction time, explain how this would affect Stopping distance? // <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿//  <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">// 12. //// What are some of the factors that affect reaction time? // <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿// <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Clearly not all cars have the same Braking distance. Braking distances for cars are measured using the standard 100 – 0 test. As the name suggests this involves measuring the distance it takes for the car to come to rest if the brakes are applied when the car is travelling at 100 km/h
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">** Speed ** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">** Reaction Distance (m) ** |||| <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">** Braking distance (m) ** |||| <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">** Stopping Distance (m) ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">** (km/h) ** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">** m/s) **  ||   || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">** DRY **  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">** WET **  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">** DRY **  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">** WET **  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">40 || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">11.1  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">22.2  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">6.6  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">9.2  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">29  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">31  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">60 || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">16.7  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">33.3  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">15.6  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">21.5  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">49  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">55  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">80 || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">22.2  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">44.4  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">28.7  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">39.0  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">73  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">83  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">100 || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">27.8  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">55.6  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">45.5  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">61.5  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">11  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">117  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">120 || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">33.3  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">66.7  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">66.2  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">89.3  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">133  || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">156  ||

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">// 13. //// Rank the cars from Best to Worst according to their Performance in the 100 – 0 test // <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">14. // Make a list of all the factors that affect Stopping Distance // =<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times New Roman;">**5. Racing Car Physics ** =
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">** Car ** || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">** Braking Distance (m) ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">BMW M3 || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">30.6  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Mazda MX5 || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">31.7  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Porsche 911 Carrere || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">36.7  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Mercedes Benz C32 AMG || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">36.4  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Ford FalconXR8 || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">35.3  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Holden Monaro CV8 || <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">37.1  ||

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The principles which allow aircraft to fly are also applicable in car racing. The only difference being the wing or airfoil shape is mounted upside down producing downforce instead of lift.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The Bernoulli Effect means that: if a fluid (gas or liquid) flows around an object at different speeds, the slower moving fluid will exert more pressure than the faster moving fluid on the object. The object will then be forced toward the faster moving fluid. The wing of an airplane is shaped so that the air moving over the top of the wing moves faster than the air beneath it. Since the air pressure under the wing is greater than that above the wing, lift is produced.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The shape of the Indy car exhibits the same principle. The shape of the chassis is similar to an upside down airfoil. The air moving under the car moves faster than that above it, creating downforce or negative lift on the car. Airfoils or wings are also used in the front and rear of the car in an effort to generate more downforce. Downforce is necessary in maintaining high speeds through the corners and forces the car to the track.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Light planes can take off at slower speeds than a ground effects race car can generate on the track. An Indy ground effect race car can reach speeds in excess of 230 mph using downforce. In addition the shape of the underbody (an inverted wing) creates an area of low pressure between the bottom of the car and the racing surface. This sucks the car to road which results in higher cornering speeds.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The total aerodynamic package of the race car is emphasized now more than ever before. Teams that plan on staying competitive use track testing and wind tunnels to develop the most efficient aerodynamic design. The focus of their efforts is on the aerodynamic forces of negative lift or downforce and drag. The relationship between drag and downforce is especially important. Aerodynamic improvements in wings are directed at generating downforce on the race car with a minimum of drag. Downforce is necessary for maintaining speed through the corners. Unwanted drag which accompanies downforce will slow the car.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The efficient design of a chassis is based on a downforce/drag compromise. In addition the specific race circuit will place a different demand on the aerodynamic setup of the car. A road course with low speed corners, requires a car setup with a high downforce package. A high downforce package is necessary to maintain speeds in the corners and to reduce wear on the brakes. This setup includes large front and rear wings. The front wings have additional flaps which are adjustable. The rear wing is made up of three sections that maximize downforce.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> The speedway setup looks much different. The front and rear wings are almost flat and are used as stabilizers. The major downforce is found in the shape of the body and underbody. Drag reduction is more critical on the speedway than on other circuits. Since the drag force is proportional to the square of the speed, minimizing drag is a primary concern in the speedway setup. Lap speeds can average over 228 mph and top speeds can exceed 240 mph on a speedway circuit. Effective use of downforce is especially pronounced in high-speed corners. A race car travelling at 200 mph. can generate downforce that is approximately twice its own weight <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> .Generating the necessary downforce is concentrated in three specific areas of the car. The ongoing challenge for team engineers is to fine tune the airflow around these areas.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Front wing assembly
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Chassis
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Rear wing assembly

=<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Design and Test = <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> Chassis designers and builders are constantly at work evaluating the race car as a total aerodynamic system. Rule modifications and safety regulations designed to reduce cornering speeds keep engineers seeking alternative aerodynamic advantages. Currently there are only three chassis designs used in competition for the 1994 season.Indy Car Chassis Constructors <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> Not only are there only three chassis designs in current competition, but there are only four engines available to the teams. = Engines = <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">A fifth engine, the Mercedes V8 was used by the Penske team only once in the Indy 500. In addition, these engines are leased from the factories and are not rebuilt by the teams. They are replaced with new engines, by CART regulations. This enables car manufacturers to continue their developmental programs in racing and maintains a competitive balance in the series. The engines have been downsized in order to produce a more efficient aerodynamic car design. Still capable of producing between 750-800hp, the engine size is important in reducing the size of the car. Ian Bisco, vice-president and general manager of Cosworth Inc. in the United States explains, "To give you an idea of the what a difference the compactness makes to the car, one of our designers claims that at 230 mph the difference between the old car (1992) and the new car, is like giving the engine another 20hp." Engineers and Constructors design new cars with the overall aerodynamic efficiency of the car as the starting point.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Lola
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Penske
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Reynard
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Ford Cosworth XB V8
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Ilmor Indy V8
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Honda Indy V8
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Menard V6

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Designing a new Chassis ** <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Indy car construction is governed by CART rules and evolving regulations designed to afford the driver the best protection possible. Whether the chassis is mass-produced or custom built, research and development takes months to get an efficient design on the track. Lola Cars Ltd. of Cambridgeshire, England is the major supplier of Indy car chassis (32 out of 50 chassis used in 1994). Since Lola supplies chassis to the majority of teams, design flaws are seen quickly and feedback is constant. Teams that design and build their own chassis such as Penske, do not get the same amount of feedback. Feedback and performance data provide builders a starting point for their next effort. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Chassis designers rely on CAD (computer-aided design) tools and software to design the "monocoque", or tub. CAD insures accuracy and allows quick part modification. Currently over 50% of the parts on an indy car are designed on a CAD system. A large scale drawing board is still used however, allowing designers the full view of the chassis. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The design team will go through several steps: <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1. 40%-scale plans:The major components of car are then placed into this scheme, the engine, the gearbox, the sidepods and the fuel tank in an overall package. The idea is to get the weight distribution worked out for model fabrication. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">2. 40%-scale model (suitable for wind tunnel testing):During this testing components such as the chasis shape, underwing, sidepods and radiator, are reconfigured and reshaped to optimize the the aeroshape of the car. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">3. Detailed drawings: <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Based on the wind tunnel testing these drawings will be the final working plans for the chassis. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Wind tunnel testing is used extensively when designing a new car. The model is placed in the test section of the wind tunnel where airflow measurements are recorded. The rolling road wind tunnel uses a quarter scale model and a moving belt beneath the model to simulate the relative motion between the vehicle and the road. Wind tunnel simulation is of particular interest for racing teams where:
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Ground clearance is minimal.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Downforce/drag statistics can be measured.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The small differences in aerodynamic characteristics can mean winning or losing.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The Rahal/Hogan racing team uses the Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Laboratory in Columbus Ohio. This 7 X 10-ft. subsonic wind tunnel simulates high-speed ground aerodynamics on a 40%-size Indy car model. The model rides on a moving ground plane or rolling road while a model support system controls the vehicle ride height. In this type of wind tunnel simulation, the ground surface should move at a velocity equal and opposite to that of the vehicle. Measurements are recorded on aerodynamic forces for the entire vehicle, with particular attention on wheel rotation and underbody flow characteristics. This type of testing allows the designers to physically test out ground effects, including wing configurations and underbody surface pressures. Wind tunnel testing allows constructors to test new designs in response to modifications in regulations.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">At the conclusion of the 1992 Indy car racing season, the CART technical committee modified existing regulations to afford the drivers more protection (particularly in response to forward impacts). The 1993 car must be 5 inches longer to better protect the drivers legs and knees. More material (carbon fiber) was to be used in the chassis construction, and the internal size of the chassis was larger than the 1992 car. In addition, regulations were modified to reduce cornering speeds on the speedway circuits. The aerodynamics of the car were decreased by restricting the size of the underwing (venturi) to 8 inches in height and by reducing the size of the speedway rear wing to its present dimensions (32 inches in height x 43 inches wide). A new, smaller Chevrolet engine was also available. These regulation changes, coupled with the development of a new, smaller engine, meant that chassis design would be new for 1993. This gave engineers the opportunity to redesign the underwing of the car to comply with the new regulations. Team designers utilized wind tunnel testing to determine the best aerodynamic setup for the new design. Nigel Bennett, Penske team designer said, "We test in the wind tunnel over 100 days per year, and have a full time aerodynamic team. No change of shape on an external part of the car is made without it being tested in the wind tunnel." According to Bennett, "The results from the rolling road wind tunnel tests, (undertaken at South Hampton University in England) are extremely accurate in predicting downforce and drag figures the actual car produces on the track."

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//Q1. What principle is applied to racing vehicles to help keep them on the ground?////﻿// ** <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//Q2. Why is it important that racing vehicles are aerodynamic?////﻿// ** <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//Q3. What is downforce? How does it influence the racing vehicle?////﻿// ** <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//Q4. What is drag? What factors in vehicle design affect drag?////﻿// ** <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//Q5. How does vehicle design change when the car is racing on a street/road circuit or speedway?// ** <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//﻿////Q6. What are the three main areas design engineers are working on to reduce drag?////﻿// ** **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">//Q7. What are the main steps involved in the design of a new car?// ** //﻿//.